Chi Square Test

The chi square test comprises of comparing the variance of two groups. One group is that being investigated and the other group is the given group. Closeness in variance values of the two groups suggests homogeneity and difference suggests heterogeneity.

To perform a chi squared test the following conditions should hold good:

v  Quantitative data

v  The data observations should be made on random basis

v  A sample size of minimum 10

v  More than one group

v  Independent observations

v  Using all the observations

v  Linear constraints

Chi square test is a non-parametric test without any rigid assumptions regarding the type of population, only information regarding the degrees of freedom is required to carry out this test, the degree of freedom is determined by the sample size. The test consists of forming a hypothesis, the hypothesis is rejected or accepted on the basis of the closeness of actual chi square value with the tabular chi square value, if the two values are close, working hypothesis is accepted, working hypothesis is rejected and its reverse is accepted, if the chi square values significantly differ.

Chi square test has many uses. It can be used to infer goodness of fit, such as whether a sample is representative of a population or not, whether a produced lot confirms with the established quality standard, whether a medicine is effective as other medicines or not. Information generated through chi square test enables in making decisions related to sample size and design, quality conformance and enhancement, in comparing the difference between expected and observed frequencies. Frequency means the number of times a particular observation occurs and its comparative study is used in many fields for example in marketing to study consumer preferences and tuning the marketing offer as per their preferences. Using frequency method qualitative data can be assigned quantities (frequencies) and chi square can hence also be indirectly used on qualitative data as well.

Why Dissertation Consultation?

Writing a dissertation, research report and/or essay is the biggest quest of a writer, whether he has written it correctly or not. At times, they are confused over choosing a suitable topic for their research and dissertation. For all flusters and problems, there are dissertation consultants, who help research scholars and PhD students in completing their research. These dissertation consultants are qualified professionals, who are experienced in providing research assistance, and they themselves have been successful ex-research scholars.

You need dissertation consultation to–

Choose a suitable topic: As said earlier in the blog, choosing a topic for dissertation or research is tricky. You can get valuable pieces of advices from these consultants.

Dissertation Writing: There are a number of consultants, who write and manage the completion of your dissertation report. They give you unique report, which help you get better marks for it.

Editing: Most students find it confusing to edit their writing. For such students, these professionals edit their work, and add plenty of grace to it.

Proofreading: It is one of the paramount for you to make the error-free submission before the university. These dissertation consultants proofread your document, make the necessary changes in it, and make it grammatically and phonetically correct.

Factors that impact method selection

A well-conducted research based on a strong methodology is vital for the success of the dissertation or thesis. Utmost importance should be given to advance through one’s thesis following the strategies and guidelines based on the methodology adopted for one’s research. A well-designed dissertation research methodology is as critical in creating a winning dissertation, as is implementation of the principles suggested by it.  

While forming an appropriate dissertation research methodology, one has to be extra cautious in abiding by research ethics, referencing and a great amount of intellectual honesty. The methodology should essentially fit through the spectrum of possible approaches viz. qualitative and quantitative research. Researchers should repeatedly focus on methodological issues in writing and revising one’s dissertation plan.

Application of a pragmatic research approach as per which, combining methodologies within the same project for dissertation statistics further enables researchers to use specific research techniques suitable for solving the problems arising during their area or work.

The key to a successful research project lies in a great design, effective strategizing, prompt execution, and thorough amalgamation of the relevant knowledge pertaining to the area of research to inform action. While a great deal of focus on designing the dissertation research methodology, one must not compromise on its analytical as well as literary quality.

Interdisciplinary Research: New face of Research

Everything around us moves in the direction of saturation. The same is applicable for the old and traditional theoretical constructs, as well. With the passing of time, they are turning out to be stagnant, and are not capable of coping with the complex business scenario of the present time. That is the reason behind the emergence of interdisciplinary research domains. These particular research domains have emerged as conjugations of several primary or traditional research domains. For instance, economics and accounting have given birth to the domain of financial management; mechanical, chemical, civil, electrical engineering and statistics have created the domain of operation management; applied psychology and economics have led to the domain of human resource management and organizational behavior, etc. Apart from these domains, several new branches of the basic domains are also emerging derived from their applications. These interdisciplinary research areas are the foremost solutions towards the prevalent social, economic, and environmental issues in the world of business.

There are several organizations, which provide with the consultancy regarding viability and feasibility of interdisciplinary research. If you have it in mind to carry out any interdisciplinary research based on the predominant theoretical domains, you can browse through the pages of www.dissertationindia.com.

How to cope-up with the nervousness of writing a dissertation?

Doing research is always encouraging and exciting, but the students feel tremendous nervousness and depression as the time comes for dissertation submission. It is a common phenomenon and majority of students experience it. Writing a thesis and submitting to the committee are the last hurdles in the run and perhaps the most critical ones!

Writing thesis is an art and not everybody has a flair for it. There are people who can do laboratory research fantastically, but they can’t write down the process and research methodology. The situation is certainly critical because writing the final thesis is more difficult.

What is the way out?

One thing is sure; one should not give a half-hearted try for it. You will not get a second chance for thesis submission. It is better to ask for help from an expert. Hire a writer that will take the responsibility of conceptualizing and writing the thesis for you. It is required to give detailed information about the task and the work will be done in the most professional manner.

It is very easy to cope-up with the frustration and nervousness of not able to write dissertation. Simply outsource it to an expert who will do it for you, effectively and efficiently.

How will he do without knowing the topic?

Well, he will certainly not do it without understanding the subject. Actually the task is done by a team of experts. There are various people associated in the process and the subject matter expert will take the lead. They will collect the required material, go through the reference literature, ask research findings from you and then, prepare the basic framework.

It is a lengthy process and requires much iteration. Sometimes they will ask the information multiple times and in multiple format. However, it is necessary for the correct output. Nowadays the internet has made the task quite simple. People have everything available in the soft format and it is very easy to give the required information. The output is also given in the soft format for the first-cut review. After getting approval from the client, final output is prepared.

How to determine who is the best?

It is a little bit tricky affair. Try to get reviews and opinions from the experienced people. You will find a lot of help from the internet. There are various blog posts, forums and opinion sites about dissertation services. Read the opinions about different service providers and then hire one. Give the task of dissertation to a professional and relax!

Selection of a Research Topic

The first and one of the most important steps for writing a research report and to get started with the learning curve on getting an advanced degree is the selection of research topic. The topic will decide the course that the entire thesis takes and also provide the guideline that your academic career will follow. It has to be something that interests, is academically relevant and also brings out a fresh perspective on the pursuing subject. The topic has to be doable and manageable within the anticipated timeline, available resources and external references available. 

There are various institutes available which provides these services. They undertake thesis topic selection seriously and are adept at bringing out novel relevant topics for every research scholar, based on his interests, inputs provided and his/her background. They provide consultancy on the basis of the level of complexity required in understanding the topic and framing the research objectives. 

There are few things that one needs to undergo and the below checklist can be helpful and handy:

• Brainstorming for ideas

• Choosing a topic which enables to understand literature

• Manageable Topic and availability of material

• Preparing a list of keywords

• Flexibility

• Answering a Focused Research Question

• Researching the topic adequately

• Formulating a thesis statement

Research needs to be narrow, focused and interesting. Brainstorming involves asking a few questions like a strong opinion on current affairs, solving a particular issue or problem. Writing down keywords of your research brings down clarity in your thought process. These keywords will help you in researching a wide range of databases and catalogs. Contextual things such as geography, culture, time frame, discipline, population group etc. can bring focus to your research.  Flexibility brings in the ability to make modifications during the research process which is quintessential in bringing out a refined research. The length of the research paper needs to be kept in mind in order to focus on the objective of the paper to be published. 

Start formulating a thesis statement for bringing purpose to your research. Statement will contain a couple of sentences that states precisely what is to be proven or answered or what will you like to inform the audience about your work.

For example, the below paragraph illustrates certain parameters of a research topic:

Idea                 : legalization of marijuana

Focused Research Question : What would be the effects of the legalization of marijuana on the terminally ill?

Thesis statement      : Marijuana has many practical medical uses. Legalizing marijuana would positively affect terminally ill patients.

Keywords         : Marijuana, cannabis, legalization, legalize, legal, therapeutic, medical

The topic should be the best suited to the author and so one must know preferences and interests before he can come up with a well defined thesis paper.

Using the Internet for Research

Social sciences deal with a gamut of disciplines such as economics, psychology, sociology, linguistics, etc. Dealing with research is always a tricky issue. However, the advent of the Internet along with the availability of almost infinite online resources has provided a double-edged sword for students and academicians alike. The Internet is a big place: without the right approach, it can easily become the proverbial Achilles’ heel.

Google and Wikipedia offer the first go-to source for research. However, unless an appropriate search strategy is employed, a large amount of time can be wasted in inconsequential activities. Before beginning research with regard to any project, it is important to prepare a schedule based on the project requirements and deliverables. Because of the vastness inherent in every social science project (with regard to available resources), a concise and terse approach can yield far better and appreciable results than a haphazard and wayward one. A delineation of the available information and a hierarchical list according to the importance of the information in relation to the subject matter can offer a fruitful experience.

Gone are the days when students had to visit libraries in different schools/colleges and rummage through hundreds of tomes to undertake their research. Wikipedia, touted as the biggest online encyclopedia, can offer a one-stop source for all macro-research activities. This Web site can be used by a student to initialize the project. The skeletal structure of the project can be prepared by using the available information; once that is made, an in-depth search in various Web crawling sites such as Google, Yahoo, etc. can provide the required material at the micro-level. One good resource called Google Scholar is aimed at providing researches and students alike with a medium to obtain professional and academic scholarly literature in a way only a Google Web site can offer. Citations to various books, journal papers, conference notes, and so on can be obtained from Google Scholar. Sadly, most of these papers are available only to registered and paying customers/students. However, once the reference to a particular citation or book is obtained, a quick run to your library can help you in this matter.

Although often ignored or kept as a last-minute resort by most students, it is always better to keep your research peers as well as faculty in the loop when discussing your research. One small insight into any of the issues pertaining to your research can go a long way in you drafting a successful project, which can help you both academically as well as on the career front.